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How Long Do Greenland Sharks Live

Written By Monday 14 February 2022 Add Comment Edit

Species of shark

Greenland shark
Somniosus microcephalus okeanos.jpg

Conservation status


Vulnerable (IUCN 3.one)[ane]

Scientific classification edit
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Chondrichthyes
Superorder: Selachimorpha
Order: Squaliformes
Family: Somniosidae
Genus: Somniosus
Species:

South. microcephalus

Binomial proper name
Somniosus microcephalus

(Bloch & J. G. Schneider, 1801)
Somniosus microcephalus distmap.png
Range of the Greenland shark
Synonyms
  • Squalus squatina (non Linnaeus, 1758)
  • Squalus carcharis (Gunnerus, 1776)
  • Somniosus brevipinna (Lesueur, 1818)
  • Squalus borealis (Scoresby, 1820)
  • Squalus norvegianus (Blainville, 1825)
  • Scymnus gunneri (Thienemann, 1828)
  • Scymnus glacialis (Faber, 1829)
  • Scymnus micropterus (Valenciennes, 1832)
  • Leiodon echinatum (Wood, 1846)

The Greenland shark (Somniosus microcephalus), as well known every bit the gurry shark, grey shark, or past the Kalaallisut name eqalussuaq , is a big shark of the family unit Somniosidae ("sleeper sharks"), closely related to the Pacific and southern sleeper sharks.[2] The distribution of this species is mostly restricted to the waters of the North Atlantic Sea and Arctic Body of water.

The Greenland shark has the longest known lifespan of all vertebrate species (estimated to be betwixt 250 and 500 years),[iii] and is among the largest extant species of shark. It is a generalist feeder, consuming a diversity of available foods.[four] As an adaptation to living at depth,[5] it has a high concentration of trimethylamine N-oxide in its tissues, which causes the meat to be toxic.[half dozen] Greenland shark flesh, treated to reduce toxin levels, is eaten in Republic of iceland as a effeminateness known as kæstur hákarl.[7]

Description [edit]

The Greenland shark is one of the largest living species of shark. It unremarkably grows 6.four m (21 ft) long and weighs ane,000 kg (2,200 lb),[8] [ix] and perchance up to 7.3 k (24 ft) and more than 1,400 kg (three,100 lb).[ten] [11] Virtually Greenland sharks observed have been effectually 2.44–4.8 m (8.0–15.7 ft) long and weigh up to 400 kg (880 lb).[ten] [eleven]

Males are typically smaller than females. Information technology rivals the Pacific sleeper shark (perhaps up to 7 m or 23 ft long) as the largest species in the family Somniosidae. The Greenland shark is a thickset species, with a short, rounded snout, small optics, and very small-scale dorsal and pectoral fins. The gill openings are very small for the species' great size.

Coloration can range from pale creamy-grayness to blackish-brownish and the body is typically uniform in color, though whitish spots or faint dark streaks are occasionally seen on the back.[10]

Dentition [edit]

The dentition of a Greenland shark

When feeding on large carcasses, the shark employs a rolling movement of its jaw. The 48–52 teeth of the upper jaw are very thin and pointed, defective serrations. These upper jaw teeth act as an anchor while the lower jaw proceeds to cut massive chunks out of their casualty for a quick and easy meal.

The 48–52 lower teeth are interlocking and are broad and square, containing short, smooth cusps that betoken outward.[10] Teeth in the two halves of the lower jaw are strongly pitched in contrary directions.[12]

Behavior [edit]

Diet [edit]

The Greenland shark is an apex predator and mostly eats fish, and has been observed actively hunting seals in Canada.[4] The casualty found in the stomachs of Greenland sharks is an indicator of the active hunting patterns of these predators.[13] Recorded fish casualty accept included smaller sharks, skates, eels, herring, capelin, Chill char, cod, rosefish, sculpins, lumpfish, wolffish, and flounder.[x] Small Greenland sharks consume predominantly squid, while the larger sharks that are greater than 200 cm were discovered eating prey such as epibenthic and benthic fishes also as seals. The largest of these sharks were constitute having eaten redfish, besides as other higher trophic level casualty.[14]

Greenland sharks, because of their ho-hum speeds, often chase prey that are asleep. Using their cryptic coloration, they can approach prey undetected before closing the remaining altitude past opening their large buccal cavity in order to create a suction that draws in the casualty. This is the likely explanation as to why the gut contents discovered in Greenland sharks is ofttimes whole prey specimens.[thirteen]

Greenland sharks have besides been plant with remains of seals, polar bears, moose,[15] and reindeer (once an entire reindeer body) in their stomachs.[10] [16] The Greenland shark is known to exist a scavenger, and is attracted by the smell of rotting meat in the water. The sharks have frequently been observed gathering effectually angling boats.[x] It also scavenges on seals.[17]

Although such a large shark could easily consume a human swimmer, the frigid waters it typically inhabits make the likelihood of attacks on humans very low, and no cases of predation on people take been verified.[10]

Motility [edit]

Every bit an ectotherm living in a just-above-freezing surround, the Greenland shark has the everyman swim speed and tail-beat frequency for its size across all fish species, which most likely correlates with its very slow metabolism and extreme longevity.[eighteen] Information technology swims at one.22 km/h (0.76 mph), with its fastest cruising speed but reaching two.half-dozen km/h (ane.half-dozen mph).[nineteen] Because this meridian speed is only one-half that of a typical seal in their nutrition, biologists are uncertain how the sharks are able to prey on the faster seals. It is hypothesized that they may deadfall them while they sleep.[20]

Greenland sharks migrate annually based on depth and temperature rather than distance, although some do travel. During the winter, the sharks congregate in the shallows (upwardly to 80° n) for warmth but drift separately in summertime to the deeps or even farther south. The species has been observed at a depth of 2,200 metres (7,200 ft) by a submersible investigating the wreck of the SS Central America that lies almost 160 miles (260 km) east of Greatcoat Hatteras, Northward Carolina.[21] Daily vertical migration between shallower and deeper waters has also been recorded.[22]

In August 2013, researchers from Florida State University defenseless a Greenland shark in the Gulf of Mexico at a depth of 1,749 m (v,738 ft), where the h2o temperature was iv.i °C (39.4 °F).[23] Four previous records of Greenland shark were reported from Cuba and the northern Gulf of United mexican states.[24] A more typical depth range is 0–one,500 m (0–iv,900 ft), with the species often occurring in relatively shallow waters in the far north and deeper in the southern part of its range.[25] [26]

Other behaviors [edit]

The shark is oftentimes colonized past the copepod Ommatokoita elongata, a crustacean which attaches itself to the shark's eyes.[27] It was speculated that the copepod may display bioluminescence and thus concenter casualty for the shark in a mutualistic relationship, but this hypothesis has not been verified.[28] These parasites too damage the eyeball in a number of ways, leading to most consummate incomprehension. This does not seem to reduce the life expectancy or predatory ability of Greenland sharks due to their strong reliance on olfactory and acoustic sensory organs.[27] [29] The shark occupies what tends to be a very deep environment seeking its preferable cold water (−0.six to 12 °C or 30.9 to 53.vi °F) habitat.[ane]

When hoisted upon deck, it beats and so violently with its tail, that it is dangerous to be almost it, and the seamen generally acceleration it, without much loss of time. The pieces that are cutting off exhibit a contraction of their muscular fibres for some time afterwards life is extinct. Information technology is, therefore, extremely difficult to kill, and unsafe to trust the mitt within its oral fissure, even when the head is cut off. And, if we are to believe Crantz, this motility is to be observed iii days after, if the part is trod on or struck.

—Henry William Dewhurst, The Natural History of the Order Cetacea (1834)[30]

Longevity [edit]

The Greenland shark has the longest known lifespan of all vertebrate species.[31] One Greenland shark was tagged off the declension of Greenland in 1936 and recaptured in 1952. Its measurements suggest that Greenland sharks grow at a rate of 0.five–1 cm (0.2–0.4 in) per year.[32] In 2016, a written report based on 28 specimens that ranged from 81 to 502 cm (2.7–16.5 ft) in length used radiocarbon dating of crystals within the lenses of their optics to determine their approximate ages. The oldest of the animals sampled, which also was the largest, had lived for 392 ± 120 years and was consequently born between 1504 and 1744.n1 The authors farther concluded that the species reaches sexual maturity at most 150 years of age.[31] [33] [34] Efforts to conserve Greenland sharks are particularly important due to their farthermost longevity, long maturation periods, and the heightened sensitivity of big shark populations.[35]

Reproduction [edit]

As recently as 1957, females were found non to eolith eggs in the lesser mud, but retain the developing embryos within their bodies and then they are born alive (a process known as ovoviviparity) after an estimated gestation flow of 8–18 years.[xviii] About x pups per litter is normal, each initially measuring some 38–42 cm (15–17 in) in length.[33] [36] [ self-published source? ] Inside a Greenland shark'south uterus, villi serve a key function in supplying oxygen to embryos. It is speculated that due to embryonic metabolism dealing with reproduction, this merely allows for a limited litter size of around x pups.[37] Information technology has been estimated that due to their farthermost longevity, Greenland sharks can have 200 to 700 pups during their lifetime.[xviii]

Physiological adaptations [edit]

Like other elasmobranchii, Greenland sharks have loftier concentrations of the nitrogenous waste product products urea and trimethylamine North-oxide (TMAO) in their tissues, which increases their buoyancy[38] and function equally osmoprotectants. TMAO also counteracts the protein-destabilizing tendencies of urea[39] [40] and of deep-h2o pressure.[5] [xl] Its presence in the tissues of both elasmobranch and teleost fish has been found to increment with depth.[5] [41]

The blood of Greenland sharks contains three major types of hemoglobin, made up of ii copies of α globin combined with ii copies of three very similar β subunits. These three types show very similar oxygenation and carbonylation backdrop, which are unaffected by urea, an important compound in marine elasmobranch physiology. They brandish identical electronic absorption and resonance Raman spectra, indicating that their heme-pocket structures are identical or highly similar. The hemoglobins as well have a lower analogousness for O2 compared to temperate sharks. These characteristics are interpreted equally adaptations to living at great h2o depths.[42]

As food [edit]

The mankind of the Greenland shark is toxic because of the presence of high concentrations of trimethylamine oxide (TMAO). If the meat is eaten without pretreatment, the ingested TMAO is metabolized into trimethylamine, which can produce effects similar to farthermost drunkenness. Occasionally, sled dogs that eat the flesh are unable to stand up because of this effect. Similar toxic effects occur with the related Pacific sleeper shark, but not in most other shark species.[43] [44]

The meat tin be treated for condom consumption by boiling in several changes of water, drying, or fermenting for several months to produce kæstur hákarl. Traditionally, this is done by burying the meat in boreal footing for 6–viii weeks, which presses the TMAO out of the meat and also results in fractional fermentation. The meat is and then dug up and hung upwards in strips to dry for several more months.[45] It is considered a delicacy in Iceland.[46] [ self-published source? ] [47] [48]

[edit]

The Greenland shark'southward poisonous flesh has a loftier urea content, which gave rise to the Inuit legend of Skalugsuak, the offset Greenland shark.[49] The legend says that an onetime adult female washed her hair in urine and stale it with a cloth. The cloth blew into the ocean to go Skalugsuak.[l] Some other legend tells of Sedna whose male parent cutting off her fingers while drowning her, with each finger turning into a body of water creature, including Skalugsuak.[51]

The Greenland shark plays a role in cosmologies of the Inuit from the Canadian Eastern Arctic and Greenland. Igloolik Inuit believe that the shark lives inside the urine pot of Sedna, goddess of the sea, and consequently its flesh has a urine-similar smell, and acts equally a helping spirit to shamans.[52]

Ecological importance [edit]

Part in Arctic ecosystems [edit]

Every bit both scavengers and active predators, Greenland sharks take established themselves as apex predators in Arctic ecosystems. They eat a wide diversity of fish, seals, and other casualty inside these ecosystems and have an important role in the intricate food web.[13] [14]

Conservation and management [edit]

Greenland sharks are recognized every bit the longest-lived vertebrates on earth. They take a deadening growth rate, late maturity menses, and low fecundity, making the management and conservation of this species very important. As a result of their low productivity and farthermost longevity, this species is particularly susceptible to overfishing. Therefore, Greenland sharks' longevity and conservative life history traits, in tandem with their vulnerability to accidental catching and commercial fishing, promotes a growing concern for the sustainability of this species.[53]

Threats [edit]

Overfishing and climate change are the master driving factors of Greenland shark diminishing numbers

The shark has historically been targeted for its liver oil up until the development of synthetic oils and cessation of consign of liver oil and skin from Greenland in the 1960s.[54] In the 1970s, the species was perceived every bit a problem for other fisheries in western Kingdom of norway and the regime subsidized a fishery in lodge to reduce the stock of the species.[55] Approximately 3,500 individuals are taken as bycatch each twelvemonth in the Atlantic and Arctic Ocean and Barents Sea.[56] More than than 1,000 individuals are caught annually from Arctic waters south to U.s.a. waters.[57] Annual take hold of of Greenland shark from the Barents Sea was estimated to be around 1,200 individuals per year.[56] [1]

The shark is too likely afflicted by anthropogenic climate modify, which is affecting the quantity, dynamics, and distribution of Arctic body of water ice.[58] The rate of projected loss of sea ice will continue to negatively influence the abundance, distribution and availability of prey, while, at the same time, providing greater access for fishing fleets.[58] Further, there is greater potential for new fisheries to develop every bit more productive and arable southerly species invade the warming Arctic waters.[59] [1]

See also [edit]

  • List of sharks

References [edit]

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  59. ^ Tai et al. 2019

Notes [edit]

1. ^n1 2016-272=1744, 2016-512=1504.

Further reading [edit]

  • MacNeil, M. A.; McMeans, B. C.; Hussey, Due north. E.; Vecsei, P.; Svavarsson, J.; Kovacs, K. M.; Lydersen, C.; Treble, 1000. A.; et al. (2012). "Biology of the Greenland shark Somniosus microcephalus". Journal of Fish Biological science. 80 (5): 991–1018. doi:10.1111/j.1095-8649.2012.03257.ten. PMID 22497371.
  • Watanabe, Yuuki Y.; Lydersen, Christian; Fisk, Aaron T.; Kovacs, Kit M. (2012). "The slowest fish: Swim speed and tail-beat frequency of Greenland sharks". Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Environmental. 426–427: 5–xi. doi:10.1016/j.jembe.2012.04.021. Lay summary – LiveScience (25 June 2012).
  • Herbert, N. A., Skov, P. V., Tirsgaard, B., Bushnell, P. G., Brill, R. W., Harvey Clark, C. and Steffensen, J. F. (2017). Blood O2 analogousness of a big Polar elasmobranch, the Greenland shark Somniosus microcephalus. Polar Biology; 40; 2297–2305.
  • Shadwick, R. E., Bernal, D., Bushnell, P. One thousand. and Steffensen, J. F. (2018). Blood pressure level in the Greenland shark as estimated from ventral aortic elasticity. J. exp. Biol. Doi/10.1242/jeb.186957.
  • Nielsen, J., Schou Christiansen, J., Grønkjær, P., Bushnell, P. K., Steffensen, J. F., Overgaard Kiilerich, H., Præbel, K. and Hedeholm, R. B.(2019).  Greenland shark (Somniosus microcephalus) breadbasket contents and stable isotope values reveal an ontogenetic dietary shift. Front. Mar. Sci. - Marine Megafauna, DOI: 10.3389/fmars.2019.00125
  • Nielsen, J., Hedeholm, R. B., Lynghammar, A., McClusky, L. Thou., Berland, B., Steffensen, J. F. & Christiansen, J. S. (2020). Assessing the reproductive biological science of the Greenland shark (Somniosus microcephalus).  PlosOne. doi.org/ten.1371/journal.pone.0238986

External links [edit]

  • Greenland Shark and Elasmobranch Didactics and Research Group
  • Canadian Museum of Nature SV Greenland Shark
  • "Somniosus microcephalus". Integrated Taxonomic Information System. Retrieved 23 January 2006.
  • Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.) (2006). "Somniosus microcephalus " in FishBase. May 2006 version.
  • "Greenland Shark" on As It Happens vi May 2008; CBC Radio i(WMV file)
  • Greenland shark – Video on Check123
  • Old And Cold: Biology of the Greenland shark - project at Univ Copenhagen - http://mbl.ku.dk/JFSteffensen/OldAndCold/
  • Former And Cold: Biology of the Greenland shark - projection on Research Gate https://www.researchgate.internet/project/Old-and-Cold-Biological science-of-the-Greenland-shark-Somniosus-microcephalus

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenland_shark

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